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1.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 25(4): 291-308, 2014. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-786567

ABSTRACT

Language is a complex and dynamic system of conventional signs that results from the functioning of different brain areas located mainly in the left hemisphere. Clinical evaluation of aphasia implicates the examination of oral and written language. Aphasia is an acquired language disorders due to a brain damage that affect all modalities: oral expression, auditory comprehension, reading and writing. Various types of aphasias can be induced, each with well defined clinical characteristics that can be correlated with specific areas of the brain. The prognosis depends mainly on the etiology, size of the lesion, type of aphasia and its severity. Treatment objectives include: satisfying the communicational needs of the patient, and achieving psychosocial adaptation of the subject and his family. Both objectives improve the quality of life of our patients...


Subject(s)
Humans , Aphasia/classification , Aphasia/diagnosis , Aphasia/rehabilitation , Anomia , Aphasia, Broca , Aphasia, Conduction , Aphasia, Wernicke , Diagnosis, Differential , Language Disorders , Prognosis
2.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 25(2): 143-153, 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-988475

ABSTRACT

Language is the most important way of communication of the human being. It is a complex and dynamic conventional system of signs that can be oral or written. Language is a functional system that depends on the simultaneous work of different areas of the brain, both cortical and subcortical, that are located primarily in the left hemisphere. There are several variables that have an effect on the representation of language in the brain, such as laterality, sex, scholarship and age. The areas and tracts related to language can be grouped in two pathways, dorsal and ventral. The first is related to expression and the second to comprehension. Aphasia takes place when areas and tracts of the brain related to language are damaged. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Cerebrum/physiology , Language , Speech Disorders/classification , Cerebrum/anatomy & histology
3.
Rev. chil. fonoaudiol. (En línea) ; 11: 7-21, nov. 2012. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-733765

ABSTRACT

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo principal describir los trastornos del lenguaje en el adulto a consecuencia de un daño cerebral. Las alteraciones del lenguaje oral se abordarán considerando los siguientes tópicos: Algunos conceptos lingüísticos básicos para describir con exactitud las alteraciones del lenguaje; el sistema funcional del lenguaje en el que participan áreas persilvianas, hemisferio derecho y zonas prefrontales; las afasias que son un trastorno parcial o total del lenguaje; los pacientes afásicos considerando sus antecedentes clínicos, la actitud frente al defecto, el deterioro intelectual y otros defectos asociados; el tratamiento de las afasias que tiene por objetivo que el paciente logre una comunicación funcional y una adaptación psicosocial en relación a la alteración de lenguaje y por último, los trastornos del discurso que comprometen especialmente su contenido y su uso. En relación a las alteraciones del lenguaje lectoescrito se describirán los diferentes tipos de agrafias y alexias. Finalmente, cabe señalar dos aspectos, el primero, es que además de las afasias existen otros trastornos del lenguaje y el segundo, es que la evaluación del lenguaje es fundamental para el manejo y la rehabilitación del paciente.


The main purpose of the current review is to describe the language disorders in adult as a consequence of brain damage. The oral language disorders will be approached regarding the following topics: some basic linguistic concepts to describe language disturbances accurately; the functional language system involving perisylvian areas, right hemisphere and prefrontal areas; aphasia that represent a total or partial language impairment; the patient with aphasia, regarding their clinical background, their attitude towards the alteration, the cognitive impairment and other associated disorders; the aphasia treatment which has for purposes to achieve a functional communication and psychological and social adaptation considering their language impairment and, at last, the discourse impairment which affects their use and content. Regarding the reading and writing impairment, agraphia and alexia types will be described. Finally, it is important to mention two aspects: first, besides aphasia there are other language disorders and, second, language assessment is essential to the management and rehabilitation of the patient.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Aphasia/diagnosis , Aphasia/physiopathology , Aphasia/therapy , Language Disorders
4.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 47(2): 114-123, jun. 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-533398

ABSTRACT

Las variantes de las demencias frontotemporales son la variante frontal (VF), la afasia progresiva no fluente (APnF) y la demencia semßntica (DS), que se inicia como afasia progresiva fluente (APF). En una serie de 40 pacientes con estudio clínico e imagenológico encontramos 31 casos VF, 6 casos APF y 3 APnF. El lenguaje de los casos VF sólo a veces fue normal; se caracterizaba por ser poco informativo y poco fluente, con reducción de las ideas atingentes y aparición de ideas no atingentes o perseverativas. Diecisiete eran afßsicosy2/3 tenían defectos de comprensión. Su actitud era inadecuada, con demencia severa, apatía o euforia. En los grupos APF y APnF el iiscurso era relativamente informativo; la demencia era menos severa y la actitud mßs comprensible (ansiedad) que en el grupo VF. La fluidez diferenciaba esos grupos. Sólo en 2 sujetos del grupo APF se comprobó un defecto semßntico no verbal que permitió diagnosticarlos como DS. Se plantea que en la VF, a diferencia de la enfermedad de Alzheimer, existe una pérdida del interés comunicativo y del darse cuenta de la actitud del otro.


Frontotemporal dementia has 3 variants: frontal or behavioral (VF), progressive non fluent aphasia (APnF) and semantic dementia (DS). This one frequently starts as a progressive fluent aphasia (APF). In a series of 40 patients with clinical and brain imaging we found 31 VF, 6 APF and only 3 APnF cases. The oral language in VF patients was usually abnormal, non fluent and non informative; the number of ideas was reduced and some of them were out of context. Seventeen out of 31 VF had aphasia, and the deficit of oral comprehension was frequent. Their attitude was unusual, with severe dementia, apathy or euphoria. In groups APnF and APF the speech was fairly informative, dementia was less severe and their attitude (anxiety) more understandable than in the group VF. Fluency differentiates these groups. Only 2 subjects in the group APF had a nonverbal semantic defect that led to the diagnosis ofSD. We conclude that in the VF, unlike the usual Alzheimer's disease, there is a loss of interest in the communication and in realize the attitude of the other.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Dementia/diagnosis , Dementia/physiopathology , Speech Disorders/diagnosis , Speech Disorders/physiopathology , Aphasia/etiology , Aphasia/physiopathology , Language Tests , Frontal Lobe/physiopathology , Temporal Lobe/physiopathology , Neuropsychological Tests , Speech Disorders/etiology
5.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 20(3): 252-262, 2009.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-620965

ABSTRACT

This article has for objective to review the current knowledge of neurogenic dysphagia. In order to do so, we will analyze first the physiology of swallowing and its physiopathology, to review later the particularities of dysphagia in different neurological disorders individually; its clinical and radiological evaluation, and its treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Deglutition , Nervous System Diseases , Deglutition Disorders/physiopathology , Esophageal Diseases/physiopathology
6.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 20(3): 231-238, 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-620967

ABSTRACT

With the purpose of displaying the spectrum of frontotemporal dementias and associated disorders we present a series of patients with: frontotemporal dementia (frontal variant), progressive nonfluent aphasia, semantic dementia, apraxia of speech, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with frontotemporal dementia. In addition we present cases of corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy that may be considered in the frontotemporal dementia spectrum. The diagnostic difficulties, which require of semiologic expertise more than complementary exams, are underscored. On the other hand the necessity of neuropathologic confirmation is emphazised, since the clinical manifestations are not always in accordance with the autopsy features.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Dementia/classification , Dementia/diagnosis , Frontal Lobe/pathology
7.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 20(3): 207-214, 2009. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-620972

ABSTRACT

Awake craniotomy is a well established technique, indicated in cases such as neurooncologic surgery among others. The indications of awake craniotomy are classified as anatomical, physiological and pharmacological. Intraparenchimal lesions located adjacent or within eloquent areas are considered to have an anatomical indication. The physiological indication is given in the patients who must undergoe deep brain stimulation. Finally the epileptic patients who must be evaluated by means of intraoperatory electrocorticography are considered to have a pharmacological indication. When patients are carefully selected and well informed about the nature of the procedure, they tolerate adequately this type of surgery, according to our clinical impression and according to the literature. The anesthetic technology has evolved throughout the years, existing nowadays basically two modalities: local anesthesia and sedation and general anesthesia followed by intraoperatory awake (asleep-awake-asleep). In order to practice brain mapping, once the brain is exposed, cortical stimulation is done with standardized neurophysiological parameters. Language test are carried during stimulation and clinical response is recorded in order to modify the surgical procedure so as to preserve speech. We present a clinical case with an anatomical indication for Awake Craniotomy and where it was possible not just to preserve but also to improve the language in our patient.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Craniotomy/methods , Craniotomy/trends , Craniotomy , Language Disorders , Brain Injuries, Traumatic
8.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 46(4): 280-287, dic. 2008. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-547790

ABSTRACT

Frontotemporal dementia is a neurodegenerative condition that presents with a number of distinct behavioral phenotypes. One of them is semantic dementia (SD), where exists a profound impairment for semantic knowledge related to atrophy of temporal poles. Pathologically, in most cases positive intraneuronal ubiquitin and tau negative inclusions are observed. SD is characterized by fluent, effortless, grammatical speech which lacks informational content, with limited and repetitive content, as well as semantic paraphasias. Also, patients may present with associative visual agnosia, surface dyslexia or dysgraphia, behavioral alterations. Both episodic and autobiographical memory are close to normality. Two female patients with fluent progressive aphasia are reported; they failed in a simple test of semantic association (to point to one of four objects with lesser relation to others). Autobiographical memory was fair. SD can be wrongly diagnosed as left-sided variant of Alzheimer's disease; absence of episodic amnesia and parietal defects may be useful for clinical diagnosis.


La demencia semántica es una variante de las atrofias lobares frontotemporales que se caracteriza por la degradación del conocimiento semántico, de los conceptos. En ella existe una atrofia predominante de los polos temporales, a veces asimétrica; la patología generalmente muestra neuronas con inclusiones ubiquitina (+) y tau (-). Se expresa como una afasia progresiva fluente, sin disartria ni agramatismo, con anomia y parafasias verbales o semánticas, poco informativa. Pueden existir agnosia visual asociativa y alteraciones conductuales; a veces existen alexia y/o agrafía de superficie. Hay respeto relativo de la memoria episódica y autobiográfica. Se presentan dos mujeres con afasia progresiva fluente, alteraciones conductuales y falla en una tarea semántica (4º excluido). A pesar de estos defectos la memoria autobiográfica y el desempeño en sus actividades cotidianas estaban dentro de lo normal. Se concluye que estos cuadros deben diferenciarse de los casos de enfermedad de Alzheimer de predominio izquierdo; el respeto de la memoria episódica y la falta de compromiso parietal descartarían clínicamente esta última patología.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Dementia/diagnosis , Dementia/physiopathology , Semantics , Verbal Behavior , Aphasia , Frontal Lobe/physiopathology
9.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 46(2): 124-128, jun. 2008.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-513807

ABSTRACT

Two cases of progressive anarthria are reported; we remark their close but distinct relation with speech apraxia. Both of them were older female, with a progressive loss of speech, bilateral paresis of lower face, tongue and palatal muscles. They also had mild pyramidal signs and a fronto-subcortical cognitive deterioration. Brain TC and MRI were within normal limits. One of them had a possible progressive supranuclear palsy, the other one a possible corticobasal degeneration. The analysis of similar cases reports let us to conclude than there are several pathologies that can cause a progressive pseudobulbar palsy. The final diagnosis must be by postmortem examination of the brain.


Se presentan dos casos de anartria progresiva, discutiendo la relación o el diagnóstico diferencial con la apraxia del habla progresiva. En ambos casos se trataba de mujeres mayores de 65 años con un cuadro de pérdida progresiva del lenguaje oral, con diparesia facial, lingual y velar, deterioro cognitivo de tipo frontal y discretos signos piramidales. Las imágenes cerebrales estructurales fueron normales. Uno de ellos pudo corresponder a una parálisis supranuclear progresiva, la otra a una degeneración corticobasal. Se analiza la literatura, llegando a la conclusión de que existen una serie de cuadros que pueden presentarse con un síndrome pseudobulbar progresivo. El diagnóstico definitivo debiera ser patológico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Apraxias/diagnosis , Apraxias/physiopathology , Dysarthria/diagnosis , Dysarthria/physiopathology , Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Neurodegenerative Diseases/physiopathology , Basal Ganglia/physiopathology , Pseudobulbar Palsy , Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive/physiopathology , Disease Progression , Speech Disorders/etiology
10.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 45(1): 43-50, mar. 2007. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-476932

ABSTRACT

Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 57 años que presenta un cuadro degenerativo con afasia fluente y moderadas alteraciones de conducta, sin defecto semántico significativo, agnosia visual ni agrafia lexical y su estudio imagenológico cerebral. Se discuten los conceptos de afasia progresiva fluente y demencia semántica, concluyendo que la primera puede evolucionar hacia esta última. Nuestro caso se encontraría en esta situación. Se señala que la patología de las afasias progresivas es variable, siendo lo más frecuente una degeneración frontotemporal (con o sin inclusiones de proteína tau); con menor frecuencia corresponde a una enfermedad de Alzheimer o una degeneración corticobasal.


We report a 57-year-old man presenting with progressive fluent aphasia and behaviour disorder, with no visual semantic loss, visual agnosia, lexical agraphia, nor alexia. We include in this report the brain images, and we discuss the borders between fluent progressive aphasia and semantic dementia. We conclude that fluent progressive aphasia may be the first stage of semantic dementia, noting that the neuropathology of progressive fluent aphasia usually corresponds to frontotemporal lobar degeneration, with or without Tau protein inclusions, as in Alzheimer's Disease or corticobasal degeneration.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Aphasia, Primary Progressive/etiology , Dementia , Alzheimer Disease/etiology , Semantics , Language Disorders/etiology , Agnosia/diagnosis , Agnosia/etiology , Mental Disorders , Social Behavior
11.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 134(11): 1402-1408, nov. 2006. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-439941

ABSTRACT

Background: Stroke is the second specific cause of death in Chile, with a mortality rate of 48.6 per 100.000 inhabitans. It accounts for 6 percent of all hospitalizations among adults. Aim: To study the type of patients hospitalized at a Stroke Unit in a general hospital and the costs and benefits of such unit. Material and methods: A descriptive and retrospective study using a patient registry, developed in Access® that included separate sections for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Established diagnostic criteria were used. The mean costs per patient and complications were also calculated. Results: During 2003, 425 stroke patients were admitted to our hospital and 105 (age range 30-89 years, 58 percent female) were hospitalized at the Stroke Unit. Eighty three percent had ischemic and 16 percent had hemorrhagic stroke. The most common etiologies were thrombosis in 41 percent, embolism in 36 percent, lacunar in 13 percent, arterial dissection in 5 percent and transient ischemic attack in 3 percent. Fifty eight percent of patients had partial anterior ischemic stroke (PACI), 73 percent had hypertension and 29.5 percent diabetes. Only 18 percent arrived to the Stroke Unit with less of 6 hours of evolution, 7 percent of patients were admitted within the 3 hours after the onset of symptoms and 18 percent, from 3 to 6 hours. The mean lenght of stay in the Stroke Unit was 6.6 days and at the hospital 9.9 days (p <0.01). The mean costs per patient at the Stroke Unit and at the hospital were US$ 5.550 and US$ 4.815, respectively (p =ns). Conclusions: The Stroke Unit decreases hospital stay days without raising costs importantly. The inclusion criteria for stroke patients admitted to the Unit were adequate and the stroke registry allowed a good assessment of the Unit operation.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Hospital Units/economics , Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care , Stroke/therapy , Chile , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Hospital Mortality , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Stroke/economics , Stroke/mortality
12.
Rev. chil. fonoaudiol ; 7(1): 47-59, ago. 2006. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-453962

ABSTRACT

Los afásicos presentan alteraciones en la comprensión de la pantomima, sin embargo, existe controversia sobre si su causa es de tipo simbólica o práxica. Este estudio compara el rendimiento en la Pauta Exploratoria de Comprensión de la Pantomima (PECP) en un grupo de afásicos y un grupo control, se analiza el tipo de error cometido y las variables que influyen en sus rendimientos. Los resultados indican que los afásicos rinden significativamente menos que los normales, el error más frecuente en ambos grupos es el de relación semántica. Las variables que influyen en el rendimiento son: deterioro intelectual, severidad de la afasia y presencia de anosognosia. El estudio muestra evidencia que apoya al déficit del componente simbólico para explicar el déficit en la comprensión de la pantomima en los afásicos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Aphasia/diagnosis , Comprehension , Nonverbal Communication , Color Perception Tests/methods , Age Distribution , Analysis of Variance , Aphasia/classification , Case-Control Studies , Semantics , Severity of Illness Index , Sex Distribution , Symbolism , Visual Perception
13.
Rev. chil. fonoaudiol ; 6(1): 31-40, jul. 2005. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-419216

ABSTRACT

El paciente afásico comúnmente muestra alteraciones a nivel gestual, observándose diferencias entre afásicos fluentes y no fluentes. Sin embargo, no está claro si la naturaleza del déficit es simbólica o práxica. El presente estudio compara el rendimiento de la pantomima en pacientes afásicos (Broca y Wernicke) según: severidad de afasia, comprensión de la pantomima, apraxia ideomotora y déficit cognitivo. Además, compara el rendimiento entre pacientes y sujetos normales, realizándose un análisis cualitativo de los tipos de errores cometidos por los pacientes. Los resultados muestran que los pacientes afásicos rinden significativamente peor que los normales y que los afásicos de Broca rinden significativamente mejor que los afásicos de Wernicke. Por otra parte, la severidad de afasia correlaciona significativamente con el rendimiento de la pantomima en ambos. La comprensión de la pantomima y la apraxia ideomotora correlacionaron significativamente solo con los afásicos de Wernicke. La respuesta más común en los afásicos de Broca fue la de tipo incompleta y en los afásicos de Wernicke fue la de tipo relacionada.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Apraxia, Ideomotor , Aphasia, Broca/physiopathology , Aphasia, Wernicke/physiopathology , Gestures , Attention/physiology , Case-Control Studies , Imitative Behavior/physiology , Nonverbal Communication , Psychomotor Performance , Reaction Time , Neuropsychological Tests
14.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 29(1): 55-60, ene.-mar. 1991. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-104567

ABSTRACT

Se presentan 25 pacientes con lesiones subcorticales izquierdas, comprobadas con tomografía computada cerebral. En 9 de ellos se encontró una afasia transcortical, generalmente sensorial transcortical; 3 pacientes tenían afasia global, 2 afasia de Wernicke, 1 caso tenía afasia amnésica, otro de Broca y otro afasia latente. Ocho pacientes no tuvieron afasia, pero 5 de ellos tenían una agrafia lingüística. En 16 casos se encontró desartria y en 10 hipofonía. El análisis de esta experiencia y de la literatura permite concluir que las estructuras subcorticales forman parte del sistema funcional del lenguaje del habla y de la escritura


Subject(s)
Aphasia/etiology , Brain Injury, Chronic/complications , Agraphia/etiology , Thalamus/injuries
15.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 27(2): 151-7, abr.-jun. 1989. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-87426

ABSTRACT

Se describe un método de análisis de la escritura narrativa que incluye evaluación de aspectos grafomotores, lingüísticos y del contenido del discurso escrito. Este método se aplica a dos grupos controles (estudiantes universitarios y pacientes hospitalizados) y a seis grupos de pacientes: demencia de tipo Alzheimer, lesionados en hemisferio derecho, con afasia amnésica, de Broca, de Wernicke y global. Los hallazgos permiten señalar la importancia de la escolaridad, señalar similitudes entre la escritura de sujetos con lesiones del hemisferio derecho y demencia de tipo Alzheimer y poner en duda la validez de las descripciones clásicas de las agrafias asociadas a afasias


Subject(s)
Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Handwriting , Brain Injury, Chronic
16.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 25(1): 59-62, ene.-mar. 1987.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-63463

ABSTRACT

Actualmente las agrafias se clasifican en dos grandes grupos: las agrafias lingüísticas y las agrafias motoras. Entre las lingüísticas se encuentra la agrafia fonológica, en que se altera el sistema de segmentación y conversión de los fonemas de una palabra en una serie de grafemas, con la agrafia fonológica profunda como variante. El otro tipo de agrafia lingüística es la lexical ( o de superficie) en que se altera la escritura en base a las imágenes visuales de las palabras. Tendría como variante la agrafia semántica. Las agrafias motoras serían la agrafia apráxica, que con frecuencia se asocia al síndrome de negligencia espacial unilateral


Subject(s)
Agraphia , Handwriting , Neuropsychology
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